Can Acupuncture Help with Symptoms of Anxiety or Depression During Pregnancy?

Depression and anxiety are common mental health concerns both during and after pregnancy. Many symptoms of depression (insomnia, fatigue, sudden changes in weight, worsened mood) and anxiety (worry, changes with sleep and appetite) tend to be dismissed as a normal part of pregnancy where in actuality, they should be taken seriously. This is important because untreated mental disorders during pregnancy can have significant health risks to the mother and baby (to learn more click here).

Even when the condition is recognized, many times Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders (PMADs) go untreated either due to stigma or concerns over taking medication in pregnancy. If you think you might be feeling depressed or anxious and it feels concerning to you or it is impacting your daily functioning (sleep, appetite, relationships, work/school), scroll down to the Resources Section for trustworthy links to learn more. Talk to your OB, midwife or another health care provider- you deserve a thorough assessment and someone who will listen carefully.

Why do we need to study complementary and/or alternative treatments to medication for depression and anxiety during pregnancy?

The most common methods of treatment for mental disorders are medication and/or some form of psychotherapy, however it’s important to study other treatments that may be used either alongside these treatments or as an alternative.

Many people either feel hesitant to take medication during pregnancy, have tried medication but find they can’t tolerate the side effects, or they might find that medications are helpful but they desire additional support. Untreated anxiety or depression during pregnancy or postpartum can impact both the parent AND the baby, so weighing the risks and rewards for each parent is important and should be a conversation between you and your healthcare provider.

Similarly, some people might find that psychotherapy is helpful but they want to try something else to try and make further progress.

According to a 2013 study regarding depression (2), the most common alternatives offered to medication include psychotherapy, hypnosis, yoga, acupuncture, vitamins and supplements, relaxation and mindfulness techniques and bright light therapy. We need to study these methods to find out which ones are most likely to help.

What does the research say about acupuncture for depression and anxiety during pregnancy?

In this summary, I will give a quick overview of the existing research on acupuncture for depression and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. Additionally I’ll describe the small amount of research looking at acupuncture for postpartum depression as well as about acupuncture for depression and anxiety in the general population (men and women who aren’t pregnant).

If you would like general information about the safety of acupuncture during pregnancy, please visit the safety section.

Acupuncture for Depression During Pregnancy

Although the data at this point is very limited, studies show acupuncture may be beneficial and is a safe, well-tolerated treatment during pregnancy. Two Systematic Reviews (SR's, which group and analyze the data from many individual studies) have been conducted (1, 4). Both looked at the same two Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) (2, 3). They concluded that overall there isn’t enough evidence to conclusively say whether or not acupuncture is an effective treatment for depression in pregnancy, but that there is some evidence of benefit and that further studies are needed.

One small trial from Brazil (5) included women experiencing depression as well as anxiety and irritability. Although it was a very small study and we need more data, the researchers did find women who had acupuncture treatment experienced improved mood, sleep and relationships, and no serious adverse effects were reported.

A small study out of Australia with 57 participants (6) in 2020 found that depression scores were significantly lower among women who had received Acupuncture + treatment as usual (TAU) when compared compared to those who had weekly Progressive Muscle Relaxation sessions or TAU; additionally, stress and psychological distress were significantly lower in this group.

Two qualitative studies have been conducted. A qualitative study means the researchers interviewed people and looked for common themes in their responses. In the first study (7), healthcare providers were interviewed and expressed a general openness to using acupuncture for depression during pregnancy provided there was evidence of safety and effectiveness. The second qualitative study (9) found that women who received acupuncture as part of the 2020 Australian study (6) reported “cumulative and ongoing relief from symptoms”, and “in addition to relaxation, all participants described other beneficial effects such as refreshment, calmness, an enhanced ability to cope and increased positivity and motivation”.

Acupuncture for Postpartum Depression

We do have a bit more data on acupuncture for treatment of postpartum depression (10, 11). Two Systematic Reviews were conducted mostly looking at studies performed in China, and both concluded that acupuncture resulted in a larger “Effectiveness Rate” (defined as “recovery to normal mental status”). Many of these studies used acupuncture in combination with another modality such as psychotherapy or other East Asian Medicine therapies, so it may be that this contributes to the benefit that postpartum people experienced.

Acupuncture for Depression in the General Population

There are significantly more studies examining acupuncture for depression in the general population as compared to strictly for pregnant people. Several Systematic Reviews (which group and analyze the data from many individual studies) have been performed. One Cochrane Review (11) looked at 64 studies and concluded that when comparing people getting acupuncture to people getting no treatment or “treatment as usual”, acupuncture may result in a moderate reduction in symptoms of depression. We need more studies to make firm treatment recommendations.

A different Systematic Review performed in 2019 (12) found that acupuncture treatments resulted in a clinically significant reduction in the severity of depression when compared with usual care, sham acupuncture and when used alongside antidepressant medication. They also found that when the study called for more frequent acupuncture treatments as well as more acupuncture treatments overall, people experienced greater improvement.

Acupuncture for Anxiety

Unfortunately at this time there are no notable studies looking at the effect of acupuncture on anxiety disorders specifically either during or after pregnancy. We do, however, have some studies regarding acupuncture for anxiety in the general population. One recent review of 20 studies (1823 patients) looking at acupuncture for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) suggests acupuncture may have a benefit in improving symptoms and that it is a safe and well-tolerated treatment (13). It is possible the results of these studies can be generalized to pregnant or postpartum patients with GAD, but several large, well-designed studies are needed to confirm this.

In the review (13), researchers pooled data from 20 studies and compared those having acupuncture for more than 6 weeks or less than 6 weeks. Both groups of participants experienced a reduction in anxiety symptoms, but the group which had acupuncture for less than 6 weeks experienced greater benefit. The researchers suggested one possible explanation would be since medications generally take over 6 weeks to confer significant benefit, acupuncture may be helpful in improving symptoms more quickly and may “improve the first 6 weeks of the course of treatment”. After 6 weeks, there was no difference between acupuncture and medication groups.

Who would be a good candidate for acupuncture treatments?

You are working with your physician to discontinue or reduce medication dosage and are looking for a treatment (possibly in addition to psychotherapy) that might help ease the transition and provide additional support
You are taking medication and/or working with a therapist, but would like to do something to further improve your symptoms
Medication or psychotherapy aren’t a good fit for you, but you would like to try something to help your condition

**Above all, if you’re pregnant and think you might be depressed, your OB or midwife needs to know. Acupuncture can be a valuable part of your treatment plan, but it is not a replacement for care with a mental health specialist. **

Detailed Summary: Acupuncture for Depression in Pregnancy

Findings from Quantitative Studies

There is a limited amount of research currently available on acupuncture for depression and/or anxiety during pregnancy. One 2013 Cochrane Systematic Review (1) looked at 2 Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT’s) on acupuncture by the same lead author. The first was a small pilot RCT (2), the second was the full RCT by the same authors (3). Smith 2019 (4) performed a similar Systematic Review (SR) which again included the same two studies (2, 3).

Manber 2004 (2) was a small pilot RCT with 54 participants and found a 69% response rate (defined as a reduction in symptoms of at least 50% from baseline) for the intervention group, who received 8 weekly treatments of depression-specific acupuncture. In comparison, the massage control group resulted in a 32% response rate, a statistically significant difference. The second intervention group, acupuncture which was not depression-specific, resulted in a 47% response rate, which was not a statistically significant difference. The authors point out that the 69% response rate for depression-specific acupuncture is similar to response rates for conventional treatments for depression, which range between 50-70%. Keeping in mind this was a single, small study with some design flaws, the results show promise and the need for further research.

Manber 2010 (3) was the full RCT of the 2004 pilot study. This was a larger study with 150 participants and compared women having depression-specific acupuncture with two control groups: non-specific acupuncture and massage (to control for time spent and personal attention). Like Manber 2004, it was an 8 week trial and participants underwent two sessions per week for the first 4 weeks followed by once weekly sessions for the next 4 weeks. The researchers found that acupuncture treatments specifically for depression led to a significantly higher response rate (63%) compared with both acupuncture treatments not specifically for depression (38%) as well as combined controls of 44% (non-specific acupuncture and massage). The depression-specific acupuncture treatments also resulted in a statistically significant rate of decrease in symptoms severity compared with combined controls or non-specific acupuncture. Any side-effects were mild and short-lived, and any adverse events were deemed unrelated to acupuncture. Again, the researchers noted that the response rate and symptom reduction achieved through depression-specific acupuncture treatments was comparable to standard depression treatment (either medication or psychotherapy).

A small trial in 2007 (5) compared women who had acupuncture 8-12 times over 8 weeks with those who did not. Both groups had “usual care” which included individual or group counseling sessions and/or homeopathic remedies. These women reported both anxiety, depression and irritability. After the 8 weeks, the acupuncture group showed a statistically significant reduction in the intensity of emotional distress including mood, sleep and relationships. Although this was a very small, quasi-randomized controlled study and larger, randomized controlled trials are needed, it is important to note its contribution to the limited body of research currently available and to note that no serious adverse events were reported and there were no differences in birth or newborn outcomes between groups.

A pragmatic RCT out of Australia (6) in 2020 compared 3 groups: women having acupuncture treatment once weekly for 8 weeks, women having weekly Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) sessions, and those receiving only treatment as usual (TAU). All study participants received TAU. TAU included regular visits with a midwife or OB and access to psychotherapy and medication which was prescribed and utilized as needed. All participants were between 24-31 weeks pregnant. The researchers had participants complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) self-assessment at the start of the study, midway though and at the end. Another assessment was completed at 6 weeks postnatally. Although this was a small study of 57 women and it relied on self-reported outcome measures, it was well-designed and showed promising results. EDPS depression scores were significantly lower in the acupuncture + TAU group; additionally, stress and psychological distress (also measured via self-assessment measures) were significantly lower in this group compared with the other two at the 8 week mark (completion of the study). No difference was found between groups 6 weeks postnatally, but this could be expected since generally acupuncture treatment is recommended to continue every 2 to 3 weeks to maintain treatment gains. No adverse effects were reported during this study.

This study is important because from an acupuncturist’s perspective, the acupuncture treatments given were generally clinically realistic and they were performed by a well-qualified, experienced acupuncturist. In addition, since statistically significant results were obtained, the adequate dose of acupuncture treatment was able to be determined (once weekly for 8 weeks).

Findings from Qualitative Studies

Two qualitative studies were conducted based on a study protocol by the authors of the pragmatic RCT (6) out of Australia described in the previous section.

The first study (7) looked at healthcare providers’ attitudes towards acupuncture for depression during pregnancy. Midwives, OB’s, psychiatrists and GP’s in Australia were interviewed. The overarching theme to emerge was that there was a general openness to using acupuncture for depression during pregnancy provided there was evidence for safety and effectiveness. The healthcare providers spoke about the need for alternatives to medication due to safety concerns and reluctance of pregnant people to take medication, and voiced that whenever possible their preference was for non-pharmaceutical therapies.

The second qualitative study (8) was conducted to interview the women who participated in the Australian study described above (6). 8 out of the 17 women who completed the 8 weeks of acupuncture treatments during the study were able to be interviewed. Common themes emerged from their interviews- each of them had a long history of mental illnesses and knew that times of change (such as pregnancy) were a trigger for increasing their symptoms. They described “feeling stuck” in that they wanted to feel better yet knew from past experience that conventional treatments could be “hit or miss”. One participant mentioned that as far as psychotherapy, “some counselors are good, others are not so good” and as far as medication, they either couldn’t tolerate side effects in themselves or worried about medication harming their baby. They heard about the acupuncture trial and decided to try it. Most had heard about acupuncture but never tried it previously, and felt some uncertainty. Some were interested and open-minded to acupuncture treatments, others were skeptical and not optimistic it would help. However they reported when they gained relief with acupuncture it was a pleasant surprise. Women reported “cumulative and ongoing relief from symptoms”, and “in addition to relaxation, all participants described other beneficial effects such as refreshment, calmness, an enhanced ability to cope and increased positivity and motivation”.

Detailed Summary: Acupuncture for Postpartum Depression

Most studies on acupuncture for postpartum depression have taken place in China. A 2018 Systematic Review (9) looked at 9 trials involving 653 women who underwent treatment lasting for 4-6 weeks. Generally it found that the participants receiving acupuncture had a higher Effectiveness Rate (defined as “recovery to normal mental status”) as well as higher estradiol levels (it is thought that one possible contributor to postpartum depression is the sudden drop in estradiol hormone after childbirth- therefore if estradiol is higher that may help with symptoms). There was no significant difference in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores or EPDS scores. A second SR performed in 2019 (10) looked at 14 trials with 934 patients. Patients had treatment over 4-12 weeks. Again they found that the groups receiving acupuncture had a significant improvement in Effectiveness Rate, increased estradiol levels and this time an improved HAMD score.

It’s interesting to note that in the 2019 SR, 6 out of the 14 studies used acupuncture or electroacupuncture in combination with another therapy such as psychological interventions or other Traditional Chinese Medicine modalities (such as moxibustion). When the researchers did a separate analysis excluding these studies, and including the ones that used acupuncture or electroacupuncture only, the improvement in Effectiveness Rate remained however there was no difference in HAMD. There was insufficient data to determine if there was a difference in EPDS score or Estradiol levels.

I must also note that the 2019 SR included data from Manber 2004 (2), which was discussed earlier as it looked at acupuncture for depression during pregnancy. It is unknown why the authors included this in the review of treatment for the postpartum population and I can only assume this was a mistake. Manber 2004 was a small study with 29 participants, but it is unknown how much the study conclusions would change after excluding data from this study.

Detailed Summary: Acupuncture for Depression in General Population

There are more studies available on acupuncture for depression in the general adult population. A 2018 Cochrane Review (11) looked at 64 studies and 7104 participants. 51 of the studies were from China, with the remainder being fairly evenly split between Hong Kong, the USA, Australia and the UK. The authors of the Cochrane Review found that acupuncture’s effectiveness depended on what it was compared to. There was a small to moderate benefit when acupuncture was compared against control acupuncture, no treatment or treatment as usual. The evidence was rated as low quality. There was an unclear effect when comparing acupuncture plus medication vs. medication alone, or acupuncture vs psychotherapy due to very low quality evidence. Overall the risk of adverse events was unclear because most trials unfortunately did not report on this adequately.

Armour 2019 (12) performed a recent Systematic Review (SR) including 29 studies with 2,268 participants between 1980-2018. 22 studies were from China and 7 others were from either the US, Australia or the UK. The study selection criteria was narrower, explaining why less than half the number of studies were included compared to the 2018 Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Review selected studies for inclusion where study participants could have comorbid physical or mental conditions in addition to a depression diagnosis, “as long as depression was the main focus of the trial”. In the smaller review by Armour et al, depression had to be the primary condition, rather than a comorbidity. Additionally, the Cochrane Review included antidepressants as a valid comparator group, where the Armour study allowed studies where acupuncture plus medication was a comparator group.

One major way this review was different from the Cochrane Review is that the authors rated the quality of the acupuncture intervention in these trials using the NICMAN Scale in combination with STRICTA guidelines. Surprisingly, no differences in response were found between studies that rated higher or lower on the NICMAN Scale.

Overall the authors found that acupuncture treatments resulted in a clinically significant reduction in the severity of depression when compared with usual care, sham acupuncture and as adjunct to antidepressant medication. Another way the 2019 Review was unique is that they performed subgroup analysis and found greater improvements in studies conducted in China as well as greater improvement when the study called for more frequent acupuncture treatments as well as more acupuncture treatments overall. Studies conducted in China overall tended to have a higher number and frequency of acupuncture treatments performed.

Detailed Summary: Acupuncture for Anxiety

Unfortunately at this time there are no notable studies looking at the effect of acupuncture on anxiety disorders specifically either during or after pregnancy. This lack of studies (compared to the number of depression studies) mirrors the findings of a systematic review from 2017 about conventional treatments for mental disorders in pregnancy: “Most reviews and treatments for antepartum mental disorders (during pregnancy) focused on depression, while a broader range of mental disorders is prevalent during pregnancy and psychiatric symptoms may overlap” (14).

We do, however, have some studies to look at regarding acupuncture for anxiety in the general population. Although most of these studies investigate acupuncture for situational anxiety (such as before dental procedures), in my search I was able to identify one Systematic Review and Meta Analysis that focused solely on RCT’s for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) which seems it would be more applicable to anxiety during pregnancy (Yang et al. 2021) (13). Results of this SR and meta analysis suggest that acupuncture has a statistically significant benefit over control group treatments as well as that it is a safe and well-tolerated treatment. It is possible the results of these studies can be generalized to pregnant or postpartum patients with GAD; more studies are needed to confirm.

The review by Yang et al. looked at 20 RCT’s of 1823 patients. Two studies used electroacupuncture and 18 used manual acupuncture. Control groups were either medication (16 studies), ear seeds or acupressure (3 studies) or sham acupressure (1 study). All participants were diagnosed with GAD via DSM or CCMD-3 (Chinese Classification) criteria, and outcomes were based on a clinician-guided assessment (HAMA) in 15 studies and self- assessment (SAS or PHQ-7) in 5 studies.

There was significant heterogeneity between studies, therefore the researchers performed subgroup analyses.

In the first subgroup analysis, they looked at the differences between outcomes when participants were assessed by a clinician vs. self-assessment. Although both groups experienced greater benefit from acupuncture treatment (which was statistically significant), there was a larger benefit from those who rated improvement via self-assessment. The authors suggest that the effects for these participants may be overestimated and recommend that in future studies, clinician rated assessments should be used.

In the second subgroup analysis, researchers compared those having acupuncture for more than 6 weeks or less than 6 weeks. Again, both groups of participants experienced a reduction in anxiety symptoms, but the group which had acupuncture for less than 6 weeks experienced greater benefit. The researchers suggested the possibility that since medications generally take at least 6 weeks to confer benefit, acupuncture may be used to improve symptoms more quickly and to “improve the first 6 weeks of the course of treatment”. After 6 weeks, there was no difference between acupuncture and medication groups.

We must keep in mind that all studies from this SR took place in China, which may limit the generalizability of these results to other countries and cultures where acupuncture treatment is not as familiar. Any side effects of acupuncture treatment were mild and self-limiting, for example pain or bruising at the needling site, feeling faint or bleeding. For all studies, the dropout rate for the acupuncture group was less than 20%, similar to the control groups. Acupuncture was shown to be safe and a tolerable intervention method.

Resource Links

Chart: Understanding Perinatal Mood Issues- When Is It A Problem? Dr Julie Bindeman

Postpartum Support International: an excellent source for learning more about symptoms of depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions during and after pregnancy. Also provides free support line in English and Spanish for those based in the USA

Postpartum Resource Center of NY: a great local resource for people in NY State

MGH Center for Women's Mental Health: excellent resource including for reproductive psychiatry

PaNDAS - Perinatal Mental Health informational resource as well as free support line for those based in the UK

Health Navigator- Information and resources with links to free, anonymous self-assessment tests for anxiety and depression. Free support line and text for those based in New Zealand

The Motherhood Center: NYC- based clinic specializing in treatment of Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Action on Postpartum Psychosis- site dedicated to Postpartum Psychosis education, resources and support. Based in the UK

Screening Tools for Anxiety and Depression

Disclaimer: these aren't "tests" for depression or anxiety, they are just screenings. A diagnosis and proper evaluation can only be made by a mental health professional. If you would like to be evaluated or seek treatment for a mental health concern, please consult with a professional for a full evaluation. The author of this article is not a mental health professional and is not providing mental health advice on this website.

PHQ-9 Test- Depression

Kessler-10 Test- General Psychological Distress, anxiety or depression

EPDS Self-Assessment Test- Depression

Crisis Hotlines and Suicide Prevention

NYC Well: For mental health crisis/support/and/or suicidal thoughts

National Suicide Prevention Hotline

Sources

Dennis CL, Dowswell T. Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD006795. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006795.pub3.
Manber R, Schnyer RN, Allen JJ, Rush AJ, Blasey CM. Acupuncture: a promising treatment for depression during pregnancy. J Affect Disord. 2004 Nov 15;83(1):89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.05.009. PMID: 15546651.
Manber R, Schnyer RN, Lyell D, Chambers AS, Caughey AB, Druzin M, Carlyle E, Celio C, Gress JL, Huang MI, Kalista T, Martin-Okada R, Allen JJB. Acupuncture for depression during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;115(3):511-520. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181cc0816. PMID: 20177281.

Smith CA, Shewamene Z, Galbally M, Schmied V, Dahlen H. The effect of complementary medicines and therapies on maternal anxiety and depression in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019 Feb 15;245:428-439. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.054. Epub 2018 Nov 6. PMID: 30423471.
Bosco Guerreiro da Silva J. Acupuncture for mild to moderate emotional complaints in pregnancy--a prospective, quasi-randomised, controlled study. Acupunct Med. 2007 Sep;25(3):65-71. doi: 10.1136/aim.25.3.65. PMID: 17906599.
Ormsby SM, Smith CA, Dahlen HG, Hay PJ. The feasibility of acupuncture as an adjunct intervention for antenatal depression: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2020 Oct 1;275:82-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.089. Epub 2020 May 24. PMID: 32658830.
Ormsby SM, Dahlen HG, Ee CC, Keedle H, Smith CA. 'Acupuncture for antenatal depression: It's worth giving it a go' - A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2018 Jun;31(3):166-176. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.018. Epub 2017 Sep 29. PMID: 28966129.
S.M. Ormsby, et al., Women’s experiences of having depression during pregnancy and receiving acupuncture treatment—A qualitative study, Women Birth (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.009
Li S, Zhong W, Peng W, Jiang G. Effectiveness of acupuncture in postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acupunct Med. 2018 Oct;36(5):295-301. doi: 10.1136/acupmed-2017-011530. Epub 2018 Jun 15. PMID: 29907576.
Tong P, Dong LP, Yang Y, Shi YH, Sun T, Bo P. Traditional Chinese acupuncture and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chin Med Assoc. 2019 Sep;82(9):719-726. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000140. PMID: 31259837.
Smith CA, Armour M, Lee MS, Wang LQ, Hay PJ. Acupuncture for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004046. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004046.pub4.
Armour M, Smith CA, Wang LQ, Naidoo D, Yang GY, MacPherson H, Lee MS, Hay P. Acupuncture for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2019 Jul 31;8(8):1140. doi: 10.3390/jcm8081140. PMID: 31370200; PMCID: PMC6722678.
Yang, X. Y., Yang, N. B., Huang, F. F., Ren, S., & Li, Z. J. (2021). Effectiveness of acupuncture on anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Annals of general psychiatry, 20(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-021-00327-5
van Ravesteyn LM, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Hoogendijk WJ, Kamperman AM. Interventions to treat mental disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and multiple treatment meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173397. Published 2017 Mar 30. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173397

Can Acupuncture Help with Symptoms of Anxiety or Depression During Pregnancy?

Why do we need to study complementary and/or alternative treatments to medication for depression and anxiety during pregnancy?

What does the research say about acupuncture for depression and anxiety during pregnancy?

Who would be a good candidate for acupuncture treatments?

Resource Links

Screening Tools for Anxiety and Depression

Crisis Hotlines and Suicide Prevention

Sources

Health Topics

Lower back pain or pelvic pain

Nausea/Vomiting and Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Prebirth and Labor Induction

Pain Management in Labor

Safety of Acupuncture During Pregnancy

Moxa for Breech Presentation

Threatened Miscarriage

Pre-Eclampsia

Insomnia